In current English academic discourse, the term directionality is usually used in research on translating and interpreting into a translator’s or interpreter’s non-native language, which is often at least implicitly contrasted with translating and interpreting into the native language. The term is used in Pym (1992) and was picked up six years later in an earlier edition of this encyclopedia (Beeby Lonsdale 1998); the title of the entry, ‘Direction of translation (directionality)’, reveals a certain uncertainty about whether the new term would survive. And even today, publications relevant to this area of research might not mention the term. Nevertheless, research on directionality can often be identified by searching for terms related to a translator’s or interpreter’s non-native working languages - such as non-mother tongue, L2/L3/…, non-primary, non-dominant, B/C, second/third/…, passive or foreign language - or by looking for labels “at the level of the communicative event” (Pöchhacker 2016:21), including, in English, inverse, indirect, pedagogical, prose and service translation (Stewart 1999:48; Kelly et al. 2006:59), forward translation, which is limited to neurolinguistic and psycholinguistic bilingualism research (De Groot et al. 1994; García 2013), and bidirectional, relay or retour interpreting (Pöchhacker 2016:21). Another term encountered in the literature, which seems to be gaining more currency, is mentioned by Crasborn, who describes four scenarios of third-language interpreting, one of which is interpreting between a spoken and a signed non-native language (2009:8). Beeby Lonsdale (1996:58-59) and Kelly et al. (2003a) discuss directionality-related terminology in languages other than English.